International Sociology recent issues

Contemporary Processes of Transnationalization and Globalization

Hofmeister, H., Breitenstein, A. P. — 2008-06-27

This opening article to this special issue on transnationalization and globalization first describes how transnationalization is different from globalization. It clarifies recent debates regarding the processes of transnationalization and locates the authors of this issue within these frameworks. In the process, this article and the special issue help unravel the dynamics of the complex term and phenomenon `transnationalization' and point to directions for fruitful future research.

Switching Power: Rupert Murdoch and the Global Business of Media Politics: A Sociological Analysis

Arsenault, A., Castells, M. — 2008-06-27

This article proposes a hypothesis on the nature of power in the network society, the social structure of the Information Age. It argues that the ability to control connection points between different networks (e.g. business, media and economic networks) is a critical source of power in contemporary society. It then tests this hypothesis through a case study of Rupert Murdoch, CEO of NewsCorp. The operational dynamics of Rupert Murdoch and NewsCorp are examined in order to illustrate how corporate media actors negotiate the power dynamics of the network society to serve their overarching business goals. It identifies key strategies used by these actors to penetrate new markets and expand audience share including: political brokering, leveraging public opinion, instituting sensationalist news formulas, customizing media content and diversifying and adapting media holdings in the face of technological and regulatory changes.

Foreign Direct Investment and International Migration: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1985--2000

Sanderson, M. R., Kentor, J. — 2008-06-27

This study explores the impact of macro-level processes of the global economy on international migration. The authors utilize a cross-national panel regression analysis to examine the effect of foreign direct investment on the level of emigration from 25 less-developed countries between 1985 and 2000. The findings indicate that the stock of foreign direct investment increases net emigration over time, while trade integration lessens these movements. The level of economic development exerts no independent effect on out-migration once other factors are controlled. The results are discussed in the context of contemporary development and migration theories.

Facade Diversity: The Individualization of Cultural Difference

Boli, J., Elliott, M. A. — 2008-06-27

Diversity and multiculturalism are widely embraced principles, championed by many social movements and promoted through the programs and policies of states, businesses, schools and other organizations throughout the world. Purportedly celebrating and protecting group differences, these principles translate concretely into differences that operate as facades masking the underlying individualization of world society. Fundamental to this process is a dualistic globalization of the individual — both cultural and organizational — that impels the conscious construction of personal identities as both authentic and unique. Individuals therefore activate collective identity elements as sources of personal difference and distinctiveness. The nature of these collective identities is undergoing rapid change, however. The very forces impelling the championing of difference — rising individualism, egalitarianism, identity construction and uniqueness — diminish the degree of difference carried by collective identities, transforming corporate collectivities (once rooted firmly in geographic, ethnic, linguistic or ancestral ties) into categorical groups that provide identity not as a transcendent group property but as a volitional characteristic of categories of individuals. Corporate identities may not disappear, but as they are transformed into categorical identities they become facades behind which the depth of differences among the world's cultures and subcultures is diminishing rapidly.

Converging Divergences?: An International Comparison of the Impact of Globalization on Industrial Relations and Employment Careers

2008-06-27

Profound social and economic transformations have taken place over the last two decades in modern societies. These changes are often referred to as globalization. The aim of this article is to examine whether processes of globalization have produced increasing convergence of employment-related aspects of national-level welfare regimes, industrial relation systems and mid-career employment paths among a set of industrialized nations. A theory of convergence is developed to explain the coercive-isomorphic and mimetic-imitation effects of globalization, followed by potential reasons for growing divergence. The study concludes that globalization has produced `converging divergences' and not resulted in a simple convergence based on neoliberal and market employment-related policies that leads to a rise of patchwork careers for all employees. Rather, it has served to intensify existent differences between industrial relations in the welfare regime clusters of countries and accentuated within-country occupational class, educational and gender inequalities.

GlobalIndex: A Sociological Approach to Globalization Measurement

2008-06-27

This article suggests a multidimensional globalization measure, encompassing economic, (socio)technological, cultural and political dimensions of global change. This measure builds on previous work by Dreher, Lockwood and Redoano, the OECD and Kearney, but extends it by additional dimensions and indicators that represent central facets of a genuine sociological concept of globalization. The article first describes in detail the multidimensional nature of the globalization process and then develops an overall sociological index of globalization, which the authors call GlobalIndex. This index covers the development of globalization in 97 different countries from 1970 to 2002. Using the GlobalIndex, the authors describe the development of globalization on a worldwide scale as well as for different country contexts. Finally, they include the GlobalIndex as an explanatory variable in two micro-level longitudinal analyses of labour market transitions during the early career period in Germany and the UK.

Resumes/Resumenes

2008-06-27

Cosmopolitan Perspectives on European and Asian Transnationalism

Delanty, G., Baogang He, — 2008-04-18

The article explores the implications of major social transformation in Asia for Europe. It specifically addresses expressions of cosmopolitan engagement between transnational organizations representing Asia and Europe. Within Asia, there is some evidence to indicate that cosmopolitanism is becoming a significant factor in culture and in politics, as is illustrated by increasing transnational cooperation within Asia and the dilution of national interests. A major question is whether such forms of cooperation will play a significant role in Asia's relation to Europe and whether as a consequence European—Asian relations will develop in a direction congruent with cosmopolitan principles. The thesis of the article is that if its momentum continues to develop, cosmopolitan relations and normative regionalism in Asia and Europe are significant factors in reshaping the world and transregional order, and that critical cosmopolitanism can be an alternative to nationalism and to narrowly defined globalization.

The Emergence of Dual-Earner Couples: A Longitudinal Study of the Netherlands

van Gils, W., Kraaykamp, G. — 2008-04-18

In this article, the authors address the extent to which full-time working couples in the Netherlands have gone through compositional changes with respect to young children and educational level. Using a stacked data set of 13 large-scale labour force surveys collected by Statistics Netherlands ranging from 1977 to 2002 (N = 461,003 Dutch households), the authors first studied whether the increase of full-time working couples is a result of cohort and/or period effects. It is concluded that the steady growth of full-time working households is mainly accounted for by cohort succession: in couples from younger birth cohorts, both partners increasingly prefer to work full-time. Second, the study investigated the composition of those full-time working couples. As a starting point, it is clear that full-time working couples are mostly found among those with a higher educational level and without any children. For this composition, the authors' analyses show that over time and cohorts the educational level of full-time working couples increases more than that of male single-earners or combination households. Most important is that the negative effect of having young children for full-time working couples became more negative over cohorts, indicating that combining children and full-time work as a couple has become less attractive in recent cohorts.

Retheorizing the Nature of Informal Employment: Some Lessons from Ukraine

Williams, C. C., Round, J. — 2008-04-18

This article evaluates critically the contrasting theories of informal employment that variously read this sector as a leftover of pre-capitalism, a byproduct of a new emergent form of capitalism, a complement to formal employment or an alternative to the formal economy. Until now, a common tendency has been to either universally privilege one theorization over the others, or to depict each as appropriate in different regions of the world. Reporting on data collected through face-to-face interviews with 600 households in Ukraine, however, the finding is that each theory is valid when analysing particular types of informal employment in this country, and that only by combining them will a finer-grained and more comprehensive understanding of the complex and diverse nature of informal employment be achieved. The article concludes by outlining a way of synthesizing these theorizations in order to develop a more multilayered and nuanced understanding of informal employment.

The Role of Vocational Specificity of Educational Credentials for Labour Market Entry in Estonia and Slovenia

Kogan, I., Unt, M. — 2008-04-18

This article compares entry to their first stable employment among young people in Estonia and Slovenia after the fall of Communism, when the two countries opted for two different models with regard to the organization of their educational systems. Results show that in Slovenia with the passage of time after the start of reforms, education—job linkages among young school leavers have become stronger. Those with vocational credentials and tertiary education have been able to secure their first stable employment more quickly than the rest. Ultimate losers of the transformation in Slovenia appear to be school leavers without any vocational training, whose first job entry chances have significantly deteriorated. In Estonia, on the other hand, school leavers, irrespective of their educational qualifications, hardly differ regarding the speed of entry to their first significant employment. Neither those with vocational credentials at the lower-secondary level, nor university graduates have been able to secure their first stable employment more quickly than the least educated. The analyses are conducted on the basis of the Labour Force Survey ad hoc module on school-to-work transitions applying event history techniques.

Different Cohorts and Evaluation of Income Differences in Estonia

Saar, E. — 2008-04-18

The article addresses three main research questions. (1) What attitudes do people entertain in post-socialist Estonia with regard to income inequality? (2) Do the unique formative experiences of different birth cohorts become imprinted in values, making them distinctively different in their evaluations of income inequalities, or do people from different cohorts adapt to changes and are they becoming more similar? (3) Are there any differences in the impact of various individual-level characteristics on the attitudes to inequality of different cohorts? In order to answer these questions, this article compares five birth cohorts with different socialization experiences. The analysis is based on data from the International Social Justice Project of 1991 and 1996 and from the Estonian Social Justice Survey carried out in 2004. The analysis indicates a time-dependent and increasing effect of cohort on attitudes towards income inequality. The cohort effect on the perception and appraisal of income inequality in Estonian society is opposite to previous findings for western welfare regimes, where young people look more critically at income inequality. There are clear indications that the older cohorts in Estonia are more critical concerning income inequality and that these cohort-specific differences cannot be attributed only to the heterogeneous self-interests of individuals belonging to different cohorts. Controlling for effects of self-interest does not considerably reduce the influence of cohort on evaluation of income inequality. Our analysis indicates that the most important mediator of the effect of cohort were justice beliefs.

Moral Sentiments and Professionalism in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan: Understanding Professional Practices and Ethics

Sanghera, B., Iliasov, A. — 2008-04-18

The article focuses on sociological and ethical aspects of professional practices in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan and offers three competing conceptual approaches to Soviet and post-Soviet professionalism: the moral consensus, the social control and the moral sentiments approaches. This article aims to contribute to the debate on how professional relationships are socially constructed, paying particular attention to their ethical content. We argue that the sociology of professions needs to engage with moral philosophy since moral reflexivity helps professionals to shape their responsibility to others. Were this not so, we would not care to judge others' actions, question their intentions or reason on how to live. Furthermore, as vulnerable and dependent human beings, we care for and have responsibilities to others. We suggest that the moral sentiments approach captures the tensions and conflicts of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstani professions, highlighting the importance of positive emotions and organizational capabilities to undertake good practices. This perspective argues that human beings are reflexive beings who are motivated by ultimate concerns and goals, pursue life projects, make commitments and act purposefully. The article shows how post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan professions operate in difficult political and economic conditions, and how far professionals possess positive sentiments for effective and good actions.

Resumes/Resumenes

2008-04-18

From the Editor

Kalekin-Fishman, D. — 2008-02-21

Words from Writers: An Interview with Michael Humphrey

2008-02-21

Corrigendum

2008-02-21

Encyclopaedias, Handbooks, Dictionaries, Collections and Companions: Assessing Collective Works in Sociology

Crothers, C. — 2008-02-21

Sociology has always included collective works for reference purposes alongside its more usual production of books, monographs and journal articles, but in recent years the steady provision of this form of publication has swollen into an outpouring. The essay discusses the characteristics of different types of collective works in English-speaking sociology, suggests interpretations that might explain the recent outpouring, draws out the implications for other work in sociology (especially the difficulties of quality control and reviewing this material) and speculates about the future of collective works in an increasingly Internet-orientated world of scholarship.

The 'Social', the 'Legal' and Law-and-Society Research: A Quest for a Canon amid Diverse Conversations

Reichman, A. — 2008-02-21

At a Glance: Dick Hobbs and Richard Wright, eds, The Sage Handbook of Fieldwork. London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: Sage, 2006, 399 pp., ISBN 0761974458, {pound}85.00

2008-02-21

At a Glance: Craig Calhoun, Chris Rojek and Bryan Turner, eds, The Sage Handbook of Sociology. London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Sage, 2005, 590 pp., ISBN 0761968210, 9780761968214, {pound}85.00

2008-02-21

Globalization and the Call Center Industry

Abraham, M. — 2008-02-21

The call center industry is one of the most rapidly growing areas of work globally. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach to studying call centers, the book and report reviewed here provide sociological insights on the process of globalization and the transformation of work and labor relations. Issues addressed include resource strategies, managers and management, jobs and job skills, women's careers in call centers, worker control and autonomy, and union organizing. The studies illuminate the need to rethink some of the logic that drives work organization in the call center industry and offer strategies for collective mobilization, including the role of unions in protecting the rights of workers within and across nations.

Review: Emerging Occupations: A. Aneesh, Virtual Migration: The Programming of Globalization. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 208 pp., ISBN 0822336693, US$21.95

Schmidt, V. H. — 2008-02-21

Review: Theoretical Concerns: Mattei Dogan, ed., Political Mistrust and the Discrediting of Politicians. Boston, MA: Brill, 2005, 264 pp., ISBN 9004145303, US$66.00. Matthew R. Cleary and Susan C. Stokes, Democracy and the Culture of Skepticism: Political Trust in Argentina and Mexico. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006, 244 pp., ISBN 0871541661, US$39.65

Sztompka, P. — 2008-02-21

Review: Theoretical Concerns: Mahmoud Dhaouadi, New Explorations in the Making of Ibn Khaldun's Umran (Civilization) Mind. Kuala Lumpur: A. S. Noordeen, 2003 (English), 273 pp. + index; Tunis: University Publication Centre, 1997 (Arabic), 268 pp., ISBN 9830650537, US$12.95

Ghanem, A. — 2008-02-21

Review: Theoretical Concerns: Randall Collins, Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004, 439 pp., ISBN 0691090270, US$29.95

Castro-Santos, L. A. — 2008-02-21

Review: Theoretical Concerns: Vittorio Cotesta, Images du monde et societe globale: grandes interpretations et debats actuels [Visions of the World and Global Society: Grand Interpretations and Current Debates], trans. Yves Zugmeyer, with Anny Mochel. Quebec: Les Presses de l'Universite Laval, 2006, 222 pp., ISBN 276378271X, CA$47.95

Barthel-Bouchier, D. — 2008-02-21

Review: Theoretical Concerns: Patrick Baert, Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Towards Pragmatism. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2005, viii + 210 pp., ISBN 0745622471 (hbk), US$49.95, 074562247X (pbk). Anthony Thomson, The Making of Social Theory: Order, Reason, and Desire. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2006, x + 478 pp., ISBN 0195419863 (pbk), US$24.99

Mallick, S., Haribabu, E. — 2008-02-21

At a Glance: Stefan Gandler, Marxismo critico en Mexico: Adolfo Sanchez Vazquez y Bolivar Echeverria [Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sanchez Vazquez and Bolivar Echeverria]. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, 2007, 621 pp., ISBN 9789681684044

2008-02-21

A Name for a Stray Dog -- Global Civil Society

Baber, Z. — 2008-02-21

Review: The Global and the Local: David Harvey, Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso, 2006, 156 pp., ISBN 1844675505, {pound}14.99

Mishra, A. K. — 2008-02-21

Review: The Global and the Local: Hidefumi Imura and Miranda A. Schreurs, eds, Environmental Policy in Japan. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar for the World Bank, 2005, xvii + 406 pp., ISBN 1845423704, US$135.00

Hamilton-Smith, E. — 2008-02-21

Race, Tribe and Class in South Africa's Institutions

Sitas, A. — 2008-02-21

Review: Voices from Africa: Jeremiah I. Dibua, Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Experience of Nigeria. Ashgate: Aldershot, 2006, 372 pp., ISBN 0754642283, {pound}60.00

Agbonifo, J. — 2008-02-21

Review: Voices from Africa: Michael Bratton, Robert Britt Mattes and E. Gyimah-Boadi, Public Opinion, Democracy, and Market Reform in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, xvii + 466 pp., ISBN 0521841917 (hbk), US$75.00, 0521602912 (pbk), US$35.00

Crothers, C. — 2008-02-21

Review: The Factor of Ethnicity: Daniel Levy and Natan Sznaider, The Holocaust and Memory in the Global Age (trans. Assenka Oksiloff from the German Erinnerung im Globalen Zeitalter: Der Holocaust, 2001). Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006, 234 pp., ISBN 1592132758 (hbk), US$59.50, 1592132756 (pbk), US$19.95

Jonassohn, K. — 2008-02-21

Review: The Factor of Ethnicity: Karlheinz Schneider, Judentum und Modernisierung. Ein Deutsch--Amerikanischer Vergleich -- 1870--1920 [Judaism and Modernization: A German--American Comparison, 1879--1920]. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2005, 485 pp., ISBN 3593373866, 49.00

Brumlik, M. — 2008-02-21

Review: The Factor of Ethnicity: Natalya Kosmarskaya, `Children of the Empire' in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Mental Shifts and Practices of Adaptation (Russians in Kirghizia, 1992--2002). Moscow: Natalis, 2006, 596 pp., ISBN 580620127, US$30.50

Yelenevskaya, M. — 2008-02-21

Untouchability in Modern India

Sooryamoorthy, R. — 2008-02-21

Review: Problems - and Solutions? Paul Henman and Menno Fenger, eds, Administering Welfare Reform: International Transformations in Welfare Governance. Bristol: The Polity Press, 2006, 287 pp., ISBN 1861346522, {pound}50.00

Markantonatou, M. — 2008-02-21

Review: Problems - and Solutions?Antonio Sergio Alfredo Guimaraes, Preconceito e discriminacao [Prejudice and Discrimination], 2nd edn. Sao Paulo: Editora 34, 2004, 160 pp., ISBN 8573263180, R$27.00

Fialho, F. M. — 2008-02-21

Review: Disability Across the Globe: Bill Albert, ed., In or Out of the Mainstream? Lessons from Research on Disability and Development Cooperation. Leeds: The Disability Press, 2006, 210 pp., ISBN 0954902629, {pound}18.00

Reiter, S. — 2008-02-21

Review: Disability Across the Globe: Colin Barnes and Geof Mercer, eds, The Social Model of Disability: Europe and the Majority World. Leeds: The Disability Press, 2005, 218 pp., ISBN 0954902602, {pound}16.50

Owen, M. K. — 2008-02-21

Review: Issues in Education: Iffat Farah and Barbara Jaworski, Partnerships in Educational Development. Oxford: Symposium Books, 2006, 272 pp., ISBN 1873927355, {pound}48.00

Essack, S. — 2008-02-21

Review: Issues in Education: George J. Sefa Dei and Arlo Kempf, eds, Anti-Colonialism and Education: The Politics of Resistance. Rotterdam/Taipei: Sense Publishers, 2006, 314 pp., ISBN 9077874186 (hbk), US$147.00, (pbk) US$49.00

Elbaz-Luwisch, F. — 2008-02-21

Review: Issues in Education: Ari Antikainen, Paivi Harinen and Carlos A. Torres, eds, In from the Margins: Adult Education, Work and Civil Society. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2006, 351 pp., ISBN 907787447X (hbk), US$147.00, 90778874461 (pbk), US$49.00

O'Connor, B. N. — 2008-02-21

Oriental Disadvantage versus Occidental Exuberance: Appraising Environmental Concern in India A Case Study in a Local Context

Chatterjee, D. P. — 2007-12-19

This exploratory study is an attempt to appraise concern for environmental pollution in India, in a local context. Taking into account a possible East—West difference in conceptualizing environmental concern, it attempts to understand the role of different sociodemographic variables in predicting `environmental concern' in an Indian context. The much exercised HEP—NEP distinction developed in the West seems inappropriate in the Indian context due to wide differences in traditions and the dominant worldviews. Collecting data from a purposive household survey of 375 respondents, an understanding of major sociodemographic determinants of environmental concern using correlation and multivariate regression analysis has been attempted. The findings are also compared with results from other studies in the West on the whole along with the Health of the Planet (HOP) Survey, 1993 findings on `Willingness to Pay' for India, in particular. The study exhibits a significant positive association of environmental concern with residence, education and income, supporting social class analysis based on a postmaterialism thesis. While age fails to show any significant influence, `caste', a traditional Indian institution, reflects a positive association supporting the elitist bias hypothesis of environmental concern. The study emphasizes the need for further empirical explorations in this regard in order to examine environmental concern in India in a more effective way.

What Happened to the Popularity of the Polder Model?: Emergence and Disappearance of a Political Fashion

Karsten, L., van Veen, K., van Wulfften Palthe, A. — 2007-12-19

This article studies the rise and fall of the popular Polder Model concept from a fashion perspective. By applying both the epistemological and methodological tools developed to study management fashions, the authors focus on the events connected to this political fashion. First, a description of the content of the Polder Model is provided in which it is suggested that the concept contains two different meanings, one rooted in the Dutch decision-making style (neocorporatism) and one in a specific policy mix (i.e. problem solving) concerning labour and social welfare policies. Second, an analysis is given of the genesis of the concept and its popularity over time. Third, attention paid in other countries to the model is discussed and also criticism of the model. The article concludes with a discussion on the similarities and differences between fashions in the discourses of management and of politics.

Participation in the Environmental Movement: Analysis of the European Union

Gillham, P. F. — 2007-12-19

The article establishes which determinants contribute to involvement in the European environmental movement, whether participants in the movement are unique from participants in other new social movements (NSMs), and the effects of biographical availability and national social structure on environmental activism. Relevant questions include the way values, education and income, family responsibilities, national economic development and population density influence differential participation in the movement across nations. This study relies on data from Eurobarometer 25, a biannual questionnaire administered across 12 European Union nations to examine the influence of individual factors, and data from Eurostat to test the influence of national social structural factors on participation. Participation is measured by whether respondents contributed money to environmental organizations and/or participated in environmental associations, local restoration projects or demonstrations to protect the environment. Logistic regression is utilized to test hypotheses about the relationship to participation. The findings suggest that environmental activism is influenced primarily by postmaterialist values and beliefs, higher education and income, and living in nations with lower levels of poverty, unemployment and agricultural employment and greater population density. This study contradicts previous findings on the importance of biographical availability. Participants in the Western European environmental movement are similar to and different from participants in other NSMs. Ironically, those benefiting most from industrialization and its corresponding environmental impacts are more likely to engage in environmental activism.

Institutional Change in the World Polity: International Human Rights and the Construction of Collective Identities

Koenig, M. — 2007-12-19

This article discusses the transformation of the classical nation-state, as articulated in contemporary struggles for recognition. Elaborating neoinstitutional world polity theory, it analyses global institutional changes that underlie those transformations. It is claimed that the worldwide diffusion of the classical nation-state model itself has had paradoxical consequences, which have in the long run generated a new model of multicultural citizenship, legitimating the decoupling of state membership, individual rights and national identity. The argument is based on empirical evidence from a semantic analysis of international legal discourse on human rights, particularly in the field of religion. Documentary sources suggest that the content of human rights has changed in the second half of the 20th century; the close link between human rights and national self-determination was superseded by the idea that the protection of human rights requires states to recognize a diversity of primordial or traditional identity groups.

International Human Rights Law and the Politics of Legitimation: Repressive States and Human Rights Treaties

Hafner-Burton, E. M., Tsutsui, K., Meyer, J. W. — 2007-12-19

This study explores, with quantitative data analyses, why nation-states with very negative human rights records tend to sign and ratify human rights treaties at rates similar to those of states with positive records. The study's core arguments are (1) that the deepening international human rights regime creates opportunities for rights-violating governments to display low-cost legitimating commitments to world norms, leading them to ratify human rights treaties without the capacity or willingness to comply with the provisions; and (2) that among repressive regimes, autonomous ones that are less constrained by domestic forces are more likely to ratify human rights treaties as symbolic commitment, because these sovereigns are free to entertain high levels of decoupling between policy and practice, while constrained governments are more reluctant to incite domestic (and foreign) oppositions and interest groups. The combined outcome is that repressive states ratify human rights treaties at least as frequently as non-repressive ones — particularly those repressive states that have greater autonomy. Our cross-national time-series analyses provide supportive evidence for these arguments.

Resumes/Resumenes

2007-12-19